What Is Fire Made Of Chemical Composition

What is fire made of?  You know that it generates heat and light, but have you ever wondered about its chemical composition or state of matter? Chemical Composition of Fire Fire is the result of a chemical reaction  called combustion. At a certain point in the combustion reaction, called the ignition point, flames are produced. Flames consist primarily of carbon dioxide, water vapor, oxygen, and nitrogen. State of Matter of Fire In a candle flame or small fire, most of the matter in a flame consists of hot gases. A very hot fire releases enough energy to ionize the gaseous atoms, forming the state of matter called plasma. Examples of flames that contain plasma include those produced by plasma torches and the thermite reaction. Why Fire Is Hot Fire emits heat and light because the chemical reaction that produces flames is exothermic. In other words, combustion releases more energy than is needed to ignite or sustain it. In order for combustion to occur and flames to form, three things must be present: fuel, oxygen, and energy (usually in the form of heat). Once energy starts the reaction, it continues so long as fuel and oxygen are present. Reference On Fire, Adobe Flash-based science tutorial from the NOVA television series.

Behaviorism, Cognitive, and Humanistic Essay example

Behaviorism, Cognitive and Humanistic All Summed Up Janice M. Brown Aspects of Psychology Professor Trego November 8, 2012 Behaviorism, Cognitive, and Humanistic Behaviorism, cognitive and humanistic are all perspectives (or theories) of psychology. Behaviorism is a perspective that suggests that all behaviors are learned. What I mean by that is according to John B. Watson who founded the school of psychology, suggests the behaviors can be measured, trained, and changed. [ (Cherry, 2012) ] Based on article written by Kendra Cherry, behaviorism is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning and there are two major types of conditioning which are Classical conditioning and Operant†¦show more content†¦Cognitive psychology is a pure science based mainly on laboratory experiments and began to revolutionize psychology in the late 1950’s and early 1960’s and became the dominant approach in psychology by the late 1970’s [ (McLeod, 2007) ] according to Saul McLeod. An example of the cognitive perspective would be when one learns to take blood pressure. First you must le arn how to manipulate the blood pressure manometer, learn how to hear blood pressure sounds and understand the meaning of the sounds. As each time you practice these activity, you will gain more confidence and competence in performing the task. The strong point of this perspective is that it mostly uses rigorous scientific methods and the approach has had many practical applications. The weakness of this perspective is that it is to simplistic. It ignores the complexity of the human function, biological influences of the human function and it ignores the emotions, conscious experience and free will. Humanistic perspective is a psychological perspective popularized by Carlo Rogers and Abraham Maslow that emphasizes the human capacity for choice and growth. This perspective offers a very positive viewpoint of human nature and potential. It suggests that we are each responsible for our own happiness and well-being as humans. â€Å"The humanistic approach emphasizes the personal worth of the individual, the centrality of humanShow MoreRelatedPsychological Approaches : Behaviorism, Cognitive And Humanistic Approach1659 Words   |  7 Pages1.1 Analysis of three psychological approaches; behaviourism, cognitive and humanistic. 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Behaviorism Behaviorism arose partly due to the popularity of laboratory-based animal experimentation and partly in reaction to Freudian psychodynamics, which was difficult to test empirically because, among other reasons, it tended to rely on case studies and clinicalRead MoreFoundation of Psychology773 Words   |  4 Pagesmajor theories within psychology. Over the years there are many schools of thoughts in psychology that has developed, that are in addition to the main eight which are structuralism, functionalism, rationalism, behaviorism, psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology, Gestalt psychology, and Cognitive Psychology. . The first school of thought, structuralism was endorsed by Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Bradford Titchner between 1890-1920 in Germany and the US. This school of thought analyzes the mental processesRead MoreThe Qualities Of Myself That Stand Out1557 Words   |  7 Pagesis true. We tend to base our characteristics off of the theories such as behaviorist, humanistic, psychoanalytic, biological, and cognitive. Behaviorism is founded in the premise of behaviors that can be described scientifically using facets of philosophy and methodology but also suggesting that theory and not physiological constraints explain the behaviors of humanity. Moore suggests that radical behaviorism is not biological but philosophical in its origin. Moore also contends that virtually allRead MoreHumanistic Psychology Essay1631 Words   |  7 Pageslearning, organizations, and other group settings. Even though psychoanalysis and behaviorism have made major contributions to psychology, it has influenced the understanding and practices of the humanistic movement, specifically with the therapies for the different mental disorders. Psychoanalysis understands the unconscious behavior, behaviorism focuses on the conditioning process that produces behavior. 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Skinner, behaviorism holds that all behavior can be explained by environmental causes, rather than by internal forces. Behaviorism is focused on observable behavior. Theories of learning including classical conditioning and operant conditioningRead MoreMajor Schools of Thought in Psychology829 Words   |  4 Pagestheories. Other major psychoanalytic thinkers include: ï‚ § Anna Freud ï‚ § Carl Jung ï‚ § Erik Erikson. Humanistic Psychology Humanistic psychology developed as a response to psychoanalysis and behaviorism. Humanistic psychology instead focused on individual free will, personal growth and the concept of self-actualization. While early schools of thought were largely centered on abnormal human behaviour, humanistic psychology differed considerably in its emphasis on helping people achieve and fulfill theirRead MorePsychology1731 Words   |  7 Pagesan alternative to  Structuralism (psychology).  While functionalism never became a formal school, it built on structuralism s concern for the anatomy of the mind and led to greater concern over the functions of the mind, and later to behaviorism. Behaviorism- Behaviorism (also called the behavioral approach) was the primary paradigm in psychology between 1920s to 1950 and is based on a number of underlying assumptions regarding methodology and behavioral analysis: Psychology should be seen as a scienceRead MorePsychology as a Pradigm Essay1679 Words   |  7 Pageslasting paradigm in psychology due to its restrictive and subjective nature, inhibiting some of elements from being measured. However, functionalism did not fade as easy as Wundt’s theory of introspection. Instead, it was replaced with behaviorism (Locurto, 2013). Behaviorism has two individuals that serve as major pioneers for the field, John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner. Watson, known as the father of the behaviorist movement, believed that psychology, as a behaviorist, views it is a purely objective

Essentials of Planning Study Guide Free Essays

CHAPTER 4—ESSENTIALS OF PLANNING MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Planning is a. a complex and comprehensive process involving interrelated stages. We will write a custom essay sample on Essentials of Planning Study Guide or any similar topic only for you Order Now b. organizing, implementing, and controlling. c. finding the best person for a job. d. communicating effectively with stakeholders. 2. Strategic plans are designed to a. implement operational plans. b. establish day-by-day procedures. c. shape the destiny of the firm. d. carrying out the functions of management. 3. The purpose of tactical planning is to a. establish a general purpose for the organization. b. translate strategic plans into specific goals and plans for organizational units. . tell entry level workers what to do on a daily basis. d. compensate for past mistakes. 4. Branch manager Hector establishes recycling goals for his branch to support the company’s strategic goal of being a good environmental partner. What is Hector doing? a. tactical planning b. strategic planning c. long-range planning d. vision formulation 5. A study of CEO failure indicated that 70 percent of the time their failures were attributed to a. poorly developed plans. b. poor execution, not po or planning. c. over-ambitious plans. d. lack of adequate cost controls. 6. A manager controls the plan when he or she a. creates a vision statement. b. creates a mission statement. c. establishes a budget to pay for the action plan. d. checks to see how well goals are being attained. 7. A contingency plan is implemented if the a. strategic plan is too modest. b. control processes do not work. c. original plan cannot be implemented. d. action plan succeeds. 8. Which one of the following is a component of true business strategy? a. a high level of operational effectiveness b. a set of activities common to other firms c. giving customers trade-offs d. aving quite different activities to make similar products for different markets 9. A key difference between a vision and a mission is that a. b. c. d. the mission relates more to today’s realities. a mission is set farther into the future. a vision does not deal with products or services. a vision deals more with operations. 10. A recommended procedure for formulating strategy is for top-level managers to a. form a small committee to do most of the work. b. gather inputs from large numbers of people. c. perform the task themselves during a retreat. d. base strategy on fixing customer complaints. 1. The purpose of the strategic inventory is to help the manager a. size up the environment accurately. b. determine how much inventory is on hand. c. involve workers at all levels in formulating strategy. d. develop operating plans. 12. Which one of the following strategies should be classified as a business-level strategy? a. strategic alliances b. diversification of goods and services c. product differentiation d. sticking to core competencies 13. The purpose of a SWOT analysis is to assess a. strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. b. strategy, weaknesses, options, and time. . satisfactions, worst options, and trade-offs. d. successes, winners, and ominous threats. 14. Which one of the following is not one of the five competitive forces that business strategists are supposed to take into account? a. competition among business units within the firm b. the power of customers to affect pricing and reduce profit margins c. the threat of similar or substitute products d. the power of suppliers to influence the company’s pricing 15. The firm’s purpose and where it fits into the world is identified by the a. strategy. b. policy. c. mission. d. objective. 16. McDonald’s states that it would like â€Å"to satisfy the world’s appetite for good food, well-served, at a price people can afford. † The preceding reflects McDonald’s a. cost-leadership strategy. b. mission. c. annual goal statement. d. advertising campaign. 17. Krispy Kreme donuts, a well-known donut retailer (but much smaller than Dunkin Donuts), most likely emphasizes which one of the following business strategies? a. cost leadership b. product differentiation c. strategic alliances d. high speed 18. When two pharmaceutical firms get together to market a drug, their strategy is referred to as a. igh speed. b. cost leadership. c. product differentiation. d. a strategic alliance. 19. Suppose that Starbucks opens a nation-wide chain of carwashes, called Starbucks Car Wash. After two years, the executive team sells of the car washes, and invests the cash back into building more Starbucks stores. The strategy illustrated is referred to as a. high speed. b. sticking to core competencies. c. product diversification. d. a strategic alliance. 20. A functional strategy for becoming and remaining a successful organization is to a. form a strategic alliance. b. ind and retain competent people. c. get to market faster than others. d. export products. 21. Assume that Motorola developed a cell and camera phone so small it comes with a strap to wear on the wrist like a watch. Which strategy does this product launch most likely fit? a. cost leadership b. product differentiation c. focus d. high speed 22. Save-A-Lot has become one of the most successful grocery chains by serving the poor and offering low prices. This is an example of a. focus strategy. b. premium pricing. c. product differentiation d. cost leadership 23. Policies serve as guidelines to action a. that still allow for some interpretation. b. that must be followed quite strictly. c. for workers below the top-management level. d. mostly in the areas of finance and human resources. 24. Management by objectives (MBO) includes a. reviewing group members’ proposals. b. creating action plans to achieve objectives. c. establishing unit objectives. d. all of the choices. 25. Part of Domino’s Pizza’s original success was based on getting pizzas delivered more quickly than competitors. This strategy is called a. strategic planning b. cost leadership c. ocus. d. high speed TRUE/FALSE 1. T The first step in the planning process is defining the present situation. 2. T In planning, measuring external threats is part of defining the present situation. 3. F The major thrust of business strategy is to achieve a high level of operational effectiveness and efficiency. 4. T An exit strategy might be part of the contingency plan. 5. T A firm’s strategy is a master plan for achieving its goals and objectives. 6. T A major aspect of the nature of business strategy is to choose a unique set of activities to deliver a unique value. 7. T The mission of the Grand Union supermarket chain is probably to provide food, beverages, and related merchandise (all of high quality) to the general public. 8. T The purpose of crowdcasting is to obtain widespread input into the development of business strategy. 9. T To bring about a successful SWOT analysis, it is important to be clear about what you are doing and why. 10. T Firms must constantly change in order to be aligned with their key environments. 11. T The major purpose of the strategic inventory is to help the manager size up the competition, the customers, and the technology necessary to compete effectively. 2. T Corporate-level strategy is concerned with the total direction of the enterprise and the selection of specific businesses. 13. F A SWOT analysis is often used to decide upon which weapons and tactics will be used to deal with a corporate crisis such as a contaminated food product. 14. T One of the five competitive forces is the power of customers to affect pric ing and reduce profit margins. 15. F Corporate-level strategy helps answer the question, â€Å"Which businesses should we enter? † 16. F One of the competitive forces identified by Michael Porter is the power of charities to extract money from a corporation. 7. F The experience of General Motors in diversifying into financial services illustrates how sticking to core competencies is the most effective business strategy. 18. F The Rolls Royce and Mercedes Benz automobiles are examples of a cost leadership strategy. 19. F Nike and Apple get together to produce a soccer ball that plays tunes when in motion, illustrating a functional-level business strategy. 20. T An example of the business strategy of sticking to core competencies is for a company like Papa John’s Pizza to concentrate on selling pizza and related food and beverage items to the public. 1. T A medical products firm specializes in the manufacture of prosthetic arms and legs, thereby illustrating a focus stra tegy. 22. T A rule is a specific course of action or conduct that must be followed;. 23. T Operational planning often focuses on the short term. 24. T An MBO program involves people setting many objectives for themselves. 25. F In management by objectives, the objectives start at the bottom of the organization and move upward. ESSAY 1. Explain the nature of business strategy, including its four major components. Use a real or hypothetical company in at least two places in your answer. ANS: A strategy is an integrated overall concept and plan of how the organization will achieve its goals and objectives. According to Porter, business strategy has four components: Strategy involves more than operational effectiveness; Strategy rests on unique activities (Southwest Airlines’activities focus on low-cost, convenient service); A sustainable strategic position requires trade-offs (Dollar General has low prices but lacks an inviting store atmosphere); and Fit drives both competitive advantage and sustainability. PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: pp. 123-125 NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking, Strategy 2. Several laptops were stolen from an office by a group of people pretending to be part of the cleaning company. Every laptop stolen contained sensitive client data. After the theft, all clients had to be notified that their personal information may have been compromised. The breach of security prompted 25 percent of the company’s clients to close their accounts. 1. What are policies and rules? 2. Could policies and rules have prevented this situation? Explain ANS: 1. Policies are general guidelines to follow when making decisions and taking action; they are plans. A rule is a specific course of action or conduct that must be followed; it is the simplest type of plan. Ideally, each rule fits a strategic plan. 2. If the company had policies and rules on how computer ID and passwords should be stored, and how laptops should be secured, these problems would most likely have been avoided. PTS: 1 DIF: D REF: pp. 140-141 NAT: AACSB: Technology, Information Technology 3. Write a memo to managers in your company, explaining an MBO program that your company intends to implement. ANS: An MBO program involves sequential steps: Establishing organizational goals; Establishing unit objectives; Reviewing group members’ proposals; Negotiating or agreeing; Creating action plans to achieve objectives; and Reviewing performance. PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: p. 143 NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking, HRM 4. Using the planning model, how would you plan an event for 500 people. ANS: The steps of the planning model include: 1. Define the situation (a birthday); 2. Establish the goals and objectives (good food, good music, good setting, 500 friends); 3. Analyze the environment in terms of aids and barriers to goals and objectives (aids: many people to help, ballroom with a nice atmosphere available–barriers: high costs); 4. Develop action plans to reach goals and objectives (list calls to be made to florist, restaurant, musicians); 5. Develop budgets (establish cost per person for food and beverage, cost for centerpieces, cost for musicians); 6. Implement the plans (reserve the ballroom, musicians, send out invitations); 7. Control the plans (oversee the food service, the music, the seating. ) PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: p. 119 NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking, Strategy How to cite Essentials of Planning Study Guide, Essay examples

Research & Decision-Making for Business

Question: Analyse a business situation, formulate a research problem and devise an appropriate research design demonstrate effective communication skills? Answer: 1. Background to the Business Problem/Context for the Research While doing a business, a company faces a lot of problems. The problem that is focused in this study is the improvisation of the technology. The technology should be updated in order to overcome problems of the organization and resolve the problems for the employees of the organization. The communication styles in the business are improvising due to the update of the information technology. The outside business is controlled, developed, and flourished by the telecommunication. Tele work provides an efficient way of communicating within the organization. Under this study, the following factors are included; the importance and benefits of tele work, obstruction and hurdles of tele work, and why the tele work should be adapted by the organization in order to improve the working system. The employees work as full time or part time in an organization, this is followed by the traditional work practices. The employee normally works from morning 9 to evening 5 in the organization. The problems associated with the traditional work practices are recognized and understood by following some measures such as social trends, technology, etc. The communication process has become very fast, easy and less expensive by the introduction of the internet facility in the organization. And the processes of exchanging messages and some important information has become quick in the organizations (Albert, 1980). The organization is forced to adapt the competitive business actions by rationalizing the actions that are currently adapted by the organization and following a profitable business practice. The workforce needs and the alteration in the demand and the legislation manipulate the organization in managing the work with more responsibility. The flexible work regulation act is followed by the organization for making a better work environment (Robertson, 2000). In order to fulfill those demands and needs by developing a modern work culture, some changes should be made to the organization. Presently, as the technology has improved a lot, there are many different types of work practices that are now available for the organization such as contract terms, the mode of working, the working hours, etc. Permanent, casual and temporary terms are included in the contract terms. An employee can work as a part timer, fill timer, flexi timer, etc. Similarly, the working modes comprise of home based wor k, office based work, tele work, etc. The tele work can also be done from home rather than office. The information technology is used in the tele work to connect to the work place. This report will help in examining the traditional work practices going in the organization and its problems that arises, and in order to overcome the problem, some changes, like tele work, is implemented in the organization. 2. Overview and Background to the Proposed Method The organizations should take following steps in order to overcome this problem. First of all the functions of the tele work should be properly known. Tele work means that the employees would be working at any other place that is from anywhere other than the office and away from the managers supervision. The tele work can be done in a place where the basic necessities are outfitted that also includes secured network (Wiggins, nd.). Wireless connectivity is provided in some retail outlets with the help of which the employees continue their work. The technology has been advanced in providing better communication such as video conferencing, and sending of large amount of data quickly through the help of internet, have improvised the tele work and made it easy for the employees to work from home through tele work. Tele work provides benefits that are simultaneously with the completion of work. It also provides benefits to the environment, organization, communities, etc. The traditional w ork practices is replaced by the tele work through computers, telephones, etc. As per the needs and requirements of the employees the tele work makes the arrangements. The part time tele workers are known as the freelancers and includes the designers and the editors. The full time tele workers are known as practical teams who access from different locations in order to solve the business problems such as medical transcriptionist who carry out its work from home. The full time tele workers are provided with training and learning experience so that they give more efficient work to the organization. The tele work provides a good work practiced but besides that it also includes some complications. So, the management should go through the complication of tele work before implementing it in the organization. 3. Sample Requirements Sampling Options A questionnaire should be developed by the organization in order to know the advantages of the tele work, how its working in the organization, and its effect on the employees, etc. The questionnaire should be relevant which would have questions that would be of academic and intellectual interest to people. The questions that are to be asked should be manageable. The questions should be substantial and providing original dimensions (Patten, 2001). The questionnaire should be consistent with the requirements of the assessment. The entire question should be clear and simple so that it could be easily answered by the employees. The questions should maintain the interest of the management. The research questionnaire includes: - Is tele working a substitute to the traditional work practice? If yes? Why it is regarded as so? How the telecommunication should be carried? What are the requirements for carrying out the tele work? What are the benefits of tele working over the traditional work practice? How tele work cooperates with the modern work culture? 4. Data Collection Details A detailed information of the system is required which is known as the secondary data. The primary data and information on the business report of the tele communication are already collected. The different information regarding the tele works that are collected by various ways such as face-to-face interview, observations, analysis, survey, and experiments (Wilmot Stopher, 2002). Through this, it is clear that there are different challenges associated with the tele work such as social isolation, information and maintenance of file security. It should also be checked if there is any deficiency in the group discussion programs and group simulation. This affects the productivity and growth of the organization. This should be overcome in order to increase the productivity of the organization. The workers face the problem of control due to the monitoring of work from home. The good work that is provided by the workers to the management are often not recognized and considered by the manage ment. The goal is sometimes not clearly conveyed by the tele work and also often in tele work the practical work is not avoided from physical attendance. Besides these challenges and hurdles, it also gives more benefits to the workers such as good lifestyle, improved working environment, and work satisfaction, cast reduction in food, clothing and transportation. The tele work also helps the employees with disability in working by providing ease to them while working. Another benefit of the tele work is that the employees of tele work are also effective and productive in other work environments. Through the tele work many expenses ore also reduced because employees do the work from their home. The expenses such as office rent, electricity and other overhead cost, etc. are reduced. More recruitment options are offered due to larger and talented pool of labor. It also provides extra time for work without any disturbances because this is carried out from home itself. 5. Ethical Issues More different types of effective business modes are available due to the advancement of the technology. Similarly, the advanced technology also provides different types of business communication systems that is applicable for the practice of modern technology (Patten, 2001). The tele work system provides an effective and proficient system of communication which also flourishes the outside business. There are also ethical issues regarding the tele working system. The issues that are associated with the tele working system are: - Is the work done by the home based worker, productive? How to measure the work time of the home based worker? How a company determines that the worker works 30 hours a week? Should the inspection of the home officers be done by the employers? Besides these issues, the telework provides more advantages to its workers. The tele work provides more flexibility to its employees as they can do their work from home so they can manage their work life and personal life, better. This modern system of technology provides flexibility in the work that fulfills the requirements of each individual. The communication skills needs to be good in this system as every work in this system is done by tele communication and there is lack of face to face conversions (Zuboff, 1988). This system helps in the reduction of expenses as discussed above and due to this, the profits and the earnings is increased. It is a cost effective way of doing business and provides a competitive advantage in the recruitment and getting the best talent for the organization. This helps in increasing the margin of the profit of the business. The ethical problems can be avoided as through the telecommunication, it would contribute more towards the success of the organization by increasing the performance of the employees. This tele work system has earned name and fame regarding a progressive work option. A better life is provided to the workers which helps in improving the work performance of th e employees. So, tele work should be preferred by the organizations. 6. References Albert, K. (1980). Handbook of business problem solving. New York: McGraw-Hill. Donaldson, T., Werhane, P. (1979). Ethical issues in business. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Patten, M. (2001). Questionnaire research. Los Angeles, CA: Pyrczak Pub. Robertson, S. (2000). A class act. New York: Falmer Press. Wiggins, J. Facilities managers desk reference. Wilmot, C., Stopher, P. (2002). Cost-effective data collection in Louisiana. Baton Rouge, La.: Louisiana Transportation Research Center. Zuboff, S. (1988). In the age of the smart machine. New York: Basic Books.